The Aeneid: Topics and Themes

The legend of Aeneas

words of Poseidon (Iliad 20.355-6)
"and now Aeneas will rule the men of Troy in power--
his sons' sons and the sons born in future years."
58 statuettes of Aeneas in Etruria (c 500 BCE)
carrying his father and the Penates
Aeneas worshipped in Lavinium (4th c BCE)
stone altars dedicated to Venus, Ceres, and the Penates
Advantages of Trojan ancestry
Rome as a whole
Roman families
Julius Caesar's denarius
Augustus of the Prima Porta
Medieval survival of legend
Brutus
Geoffrey of Monmouth. History of the Kings of Britain.
Gawain and the Green Knight

"The Promised Land"

Promises from two texts:
Jupiter's Promise
God's Promises
Similarities:
1. a promise from a deity to the founder of a people/nation
2. a homeland won from others through war
from the Latins
from the Canaanites
3. exaltation of founder
Aeneas amid the stars
Abraham the ancestor of a multitude of nations
4. unending possession
'empire without end'
'a perpetual holding'
5. a lofty purpose
lasting peace, a 'Golden Age'
a priestly kingdom and a holy nation

"The Golden Age"

Two Versions:
The Ages of Man
The Age of Saturn
Augustus

Evander's words as paradigm of Western views of indigenous, native peoples

1. They are identified with the landscape they inhabit
2. They are totally uncivilized
no laws
no fixed dwellings
no community or society
no agriculture
3. They live by hunting and gathering
4. Therefore, they need to be civilized for their own good!

Founding fathers and culture-bearers

In the mythic past
Saturn
Roman god of agriculture
brings laws
therefore brings culture
but Golden age gradually disintegrates into war
Hercules
defeats Cacus, half-human bestial son of Vulcan (VIII.248-365)
thus, like Saturn, he is a civilizing force
yet he is an ambiguous figure; once sacked Troy
In the narrative present
Evander (an Arcadian Greek!)
founds first settlement on the Palatine hill
. . . King Evander, founder unaware
of Rome's great citadel . . . (VIII.413-14)
continually at war with Latins (VIII.73)
Aeneas
must struggle and fight to found Lavinium
In the narrative future
Romulus
founds Rome and builds walls
Augustus
will end a century of civil strife by winning a civil war
will establish a new golden age
Why so many foundings?
Why does the nature of civilization require that it be founded again and again?

Is the Aeneid merely a form of sophisticated propaganda, or it it something more?

Overt glorification of Rome and Augustus
Jupiter's promise in Bk. I
Aeneas' view of future Romans in Bk. VI
Scene's from Rome's "future" history on Aeneas' shield in Bk. VIII
Entire poem is dedicated to the founding of Rome
Many themes are relevant to any culture or society
the importance of community
individual sacrifice for the good of others
pietas 'dutifulness'
intrinsic value of civilization
the difficulty of establishing, maintaining and spreading civilization
order vs. disorder
Aeneas and the Trojans vs.
Juno
Iris
Allecto
Greeks
Dido
Trojan women in Bk. V
Amata
Turnus
Mezentius
Slide show


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